Process of casting from volatilizable metals or alloys.



UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

.v LLLIAM I). HALL, OF

OAK PARK, ILLINOIS.

PROCESS OF CASTING FROM 'VOLATILIZABLE METALS OR ALLOYS.

Applicatinn filed July 9 fullmving is n (ltNtl'lpllz'lll. lu 1hr 'n'vsiuit sponitimtimi I have (lllWll r-laiuw l our; hrunrh or'lhest cliswrwcria a mill llli'tllilulliv namely, the PTWCQFS of casliug lrum ,"Nlflll" limh iji mrtnle or alloy, in im wru'iiszil lr re, fi'urtory nmlrlra, Sizrl for i tuzm iruu chills-hut wit mul alumilfining other si ljmtn atlr r herein ll scloswll A lypimil alloy of volzililizingj rnpi'-rlit and one by which may well lit! iilustrnlvil the 'l'i'ntum'; of (liscm ery llltl im cntizm him in furth, is hr: and h}; hm: n5 uaml in this specification, is; meant .in ulhg; lirprinripul (rons'tiucnts (if whivli m-iglil are Rapper and Z'luu. Yell-rm hrns uscrl for tubing and the like is usual a bina y allay cmupusotl of copper :mcl Zinr in the prnpurtinns. roughly apt-i1 king, of two to mm inlhia order named, and practically all 01' the (10mm mrrcinl hrzmses will be found it! rinntain from 7:284; to 58% of copper and from "it to 42C? of zinc. Souwtimr: our. 01' mm per cent. of tin is atlllHl and sometimes i! amall proportion of aluminum, as in making! the,

frvqurnil lizippem in lllt making wf that a, calm of zinc lying (m hip nml'ien Popper lIl :1 rruvihiwu'ill l5 mlutilixv in it llash gn up in snml 0--aml l'm totally lost, This lemlmsy (if the Zirm to evaporation. hilri hHQD one of the main SOHN'OS of dil'liculty in handling molten l l'fli and hu been pruhihilim 0?? any practical r sullr-i in tlui cusliug of lifiLS in refractory inq'icrmi'alili? IlWltl u h fir i imam; as; irim chills liming inti hm-s. Hi) grunt hm lZ'QQI] the (lvmmul fry art, lwwii'er, that thcprulihiu lms htwiz w;- i suyotl lqv u i'lallurgis I; and 1m p er l sihlrully aiuro hqm'u'l the mminry of man yet so inswrutahlc has app'eurwl the Sillllllfill E in (hr past that after rr-po: ti-tl fziilurv: :gmal l the luss of life umny pers us'; l ma (UlllQ to i'egra rtl this prnhlmn on a par with perpetual n'mtion and have ridiculed my rcpoatctl efforts zftlnnded for years by repeated fail.-

Specification of Letters Fateut I tilizzihlu metals and ullm 1 c-iimnmrtizil 'hmw mtmitcdJune10, 19.14.

Serial N0. 778,006.

urvq An @Xuuiplifirutinn of this Plfli'llt' of this art hv m0. and min tll Slilltil tn the nn-pm 0F this ilizwlmurv, is in thv mist munuuinu luztwi'mi \ziriuus pu l) ml 11 lilL iilllll' lW lI'ZlCZUl. ll olxl to llifilhv iron tum uvrliims Ullht in chills for J lSlQLHl li'iimlss. \l'hvrv llzt llttl l'rzuuc parts to he 'xuwtuil Illt" nl' irun. a rust irun (ft' lll,(ll(1l1 of rouwv milnhlty. but when) 1*" in uuuiy cases llu lml 'l'rinue is i-f l russ rod r tubing or la worm-ml iron tubing the, iron ('t'JllllPP- iinu is not appropriate. l1 some such caws whore 1hr iron (hill cmme-zrtil'm are mud on iwls l'll -l!'("ll (unwell- 11) bronze I lutwl uuil lnvquerwl to lllllltii hut this: }';YH(lltt is (brimiily wry 'i'uisn'tisfarwry, as 021' will the \vmthvr r 001, tllSllUSQ ihu ilr ('i'- i'=*i0n. This ilillicully hm lmrn partly :nzuiletl in tha: past my uuikii'ig in uz'nl brass mil (N of surh shape 11 ti lit? llikifi the llriss rmls' lw nyiuw'tml. llllil tiling. lrvssiiifl null 11 hr: lil' (19 lugs, l ming llUlih il tlul p rti0us of tlw riuls :mil riu'i I halting l-lw m ri'nm-iii'ui upon the purl; t0 he held tug'elhor. This method has vzirinus objections unsung which nuiy litu'imilimivtl thi: llilt ZlIltl lulmr luv-til in making the in tho smv'l, lhc iivw zii l'iltiug of ling ugiun the parts. thv'hlium Winding or uiiher mtiins :uzpltw l liar alri j the All. lurimming and the baring: of tlw hole um? the 11ml All all is lhus i'lmw. 1 19:1? as it 5 luvsr gmil in: mill i9 :wt in :1 7 h ll): mp1? ftlw art, eitherniovlazuiimlly 01' 21:; l iii'll-lllf' vi la i.

whiting; in shape niul Lu ,irun. \"liills hating; inch-ital iii-ling @hmu l 5 limit U iP 5, l t)! in! "cw, l lC: rs, and at, u imtulh iiv ziriiirig izwliugzs uh: -h arc five rims l lms: lmhnai ulztl other (ltfttiri (lllQ to gzists within the lllfllii.

ln spw'ifii: sipii lirulilurtlw ohjccl ui-r tn unite liy inwlmuirnlly pm, est matings umilc from umlla'n \iil itilizuhlu metals 01' alloys puurcil iiitn lllllltlll'ilttlblt: rrfratlury niolils roll: tubes or nthr-r latruvtm'es of irfln, brawl; (11' other nwtuls, and also to securc (lii cLly lwrsu strung mid suuml v upon such structures. sound and perfect castings of volatilizable metals or alloys.

In still more specific applications the Ob jects are to secure or unite together brass or other rods, such as are employed in bedstead frames, by means of molten brass poured into an iron chili or other refrao tory impermeable moldfand generally to overcome thereby the disadvantages of. the present methods of uniting such parts; to save much of the time, labor and thcr expense incident to the. process now employed in making brass castings and in onnecting such parts; to provide a strong and serviceabio connection between such parts and one which will not work loose; to provide a connection of the same kind and color of material as that of the brass bedstead parts so connected; to form connections of the kind mentioned in site upon the parts; to make such castings quickly and repeatedly from the same mold; to provide casting; of the character mentioned which are free from blow holes, unfilled portions and the like defects; to provide such castings wherein the lines and marks of ornamentation are clear out, and in which the casting is clean and smooth and requires little or no further work or polishing.

Still other objects will appear hereinafter.

In the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification. 1 have shown as illustrative of means and results in the practice of the art herein described certain devices as employed and made by me in the bedstead making art.

In those drawings Figure 1. is a face view in open position of a two'p art mold with tubes positioned therein ready to be secured together by molten metal. Fig. 2 is a top iew of the parts shown in Fig. 1, the two halves of the mold being brought together ready for pouring and locked. Fig. 3 is a central Vertical section through the mold shown in Fig. 1 with the mold closed, the tubes to be connected being shown in full.

Fig. 4 shows fragmentary transverse sections on the line 4+4 of Fig. 1, the fragments being brought together. Fig. 5 shows fragmentary transverse sections on the lines 5 of Fig. 1, the fragments being brought together. Fig. (3 shows the twp rods of Fig. 1 as connected bya casting made in the mold of Fig. 1. Fig. 7 is an elevation of a as'bedstead end frame, its parts being connected in the manner herein set forth and showing also ornaments formed directly upon the parts. Fig. 8 is a face view of a two-part mold in open position adapted to the casting of a knob upon a rod. Fig. 9 is a fragmentary vertical section, after a pour has b en made, on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8.

the mold sections being brought together;-

t-hc casting and the rod being shown in full.

5 In the practice of this art byme iron chills are employed, but any suitable refractory and in'ipcrmeable material such as, it is thought. fire clay orcomposition may be used if found desirable enough. The word mold or chill as used in this specification is intended to distinguish from molds made of sand and the like permeable materials and which are formed anew for each individual casting, and also from iron molds in which a material portion or portions thereof are filled or lined with sand or equivalent permeable material placed there-- in for the purpose of permitting air or gas within the mold to filter through or permeate the sand and thus escape from the casting chamber. this distinction being in tended to point out more definitely the domain of the present art as outside of that realm in casting processes wherein the seep age or filtering through or permeation of sand or equivalent substances by air or "as within the mold is vital and essential to the practice. This distinction from chills having a metallic portion thereof lined or filled with sand does not necessarily exclude from this art the casting of brass or other volatilizable metal or alloy in chills in which a sand corev is employed for providin a. hollow interior to the casting, as in the casting, for instance, of faucets or other types of valves and similar articles, and in which it may be found expedient to permit an end or the ends of the core to extend through the mold or in communication with an opening leading to the exterior of the mold. some casting operations it may be desirable to give escape to the expanding air within the core itself, when the hot metal con taets the core, in order to preventdisintegration of the core by reason of the interior force of the expanding air. Where I employ cores, as indicated, I sometimes vent the core for the purpose stated; but the casting is made according to the present process and the casting chamber is freed of the ases Ofyolatilization therein by means which do not depend upon the permeability of the core whatsoever. It is also pointed out that the practice of this art contemplates a chill or mold in which the casting chamber of the mold s surrounded or substantially surrounded by the walls thereof, and must be reached by a pouring duet leading from the outside of the mold. This distinction is made in order to ne ative any supposition that the present art is intended to include the mere pouring of volatilizing molten brass or other volatilizable metal or alloy into what is essentially an open hole or recess in iron, as, for instance, a mold of the character illustrated by the pour or vent channels shown in the drawings, should theirrospective openings into the casting chamber be closed. I wish also to distinguish the br s and other volatilizahle tin and in b are smnutm.

1101; come wltlim ii and nlsu from am freqnenfly miliml hm sures hme men zmuiu 11 niiiliis in w! umpiqul for l mis n. all, lml llfui)! lug mi aim: tin. Snell w-wniwi ii-uswafl mstinij in; l-ill ilivw wi-v, an: nuui lc m the domain ML, g awi-lii and 11mm lnn'v PJQMHZMl my (Illfiltlllll' oi" lllu character herein sol 'l'm't Smmllni (lee-i, 11 small i 1 from i)? in Tulilfll isrsmh f in? HriSlllHfifll :m (w n an m mmiu law i l v :10 m-yunll nizig in service and badly m and limiting; i110 journal. 1 am not aware, lwwm'vn ilmt it has; mm. been fully :llvnzpinl w (xvi, such so- 'ullwl in i in MHELHPFLJ mulrls; where the alloy cowl m] man :1 mull 1m- (Killlig i {if Zing m, in i'ulifelli mu llll(l(l-idl!(l that Vumfm'e rs mi ner hew lizn'o l'tk'iH small 01 hu'gu gm'miiaiv;- 0? gm in wmmiil with, an

ilwflustii" small an in gs fll lH'EFFfS as livi'cin spewifimli an iv; gi'im .--1;*l1 mliliiiimzzl sw m :18 114: nature of Him; iliswn'vzim 11ml inveniii-ms: their utility :iiiil l'lKll nuwlty in \MY at mi ii-win'm'iivus may unt tla tlwm w.

Hl'C winlml (mt lilmt tliu suililm 1 l E prvrcrulilv Ari m! fin" 1' pouring mmQ an pnwi lwl x lint zinc Hlil']! Willi an intensirlv L wmslil imtul flame. The gl- I i v 1 M A mi inla' (mm; m"

F 517-; Hi

i ml has :1 large migmuil v fur pumlng. ylllr;

channel may be suitably curved, and is prefl is well erably so directed that the pouring metal will discharge somewhat against the rods inserted within the mold, and this to prevent the constant discharge of the highly heated metal against the wall of the mold. In the preferred construction illustrated this pouring channel ill preserves its substair tially circular cross area from the top to the bottom and opens into the casting chamber 23 with an oritice of considerably larger cross area than is necessary for the pouring of iron, to wit. about five times such area. This pouring channel 21. enters the chamber 23 preferably at or very near its highest point when in casting position, in the patterns illustrated, to avoid pocketing of air and gas. The mouth of the. channel 21 opens preferably into a. transverse channel formed by the upright portions or walls Q/l and of the mold whereby the waste or overflow discharge of molten metal during the pouring operation will be conveyed to the sides of the mold where such metal may fall upon the ground without strikingand injuring the rod 27 protruding from the mold. The upright portion is designed also to protect the vertical rod 26 from the splashing" of the molten metal while it is being poured. The pouring channcl is preferably made on curved lines to provide greater capacity, as shc 'n in Fig. 1. The vent channel L32 is preferably substantially circular in cross area Where it enters the casting chamber 23. and of substantially the same area. at this poin as that of the discharge orifice of the pouring channel 21, indicated in Figs. 4 and 5. The vent channel preferably gradually enlarges in cross area upward and outward. The outer discharge opening may be conveniently formed somewhat elliptical instead of circular, and it is not conceived that the exact shape of the vent channel is controlling, although its capacity and arrangement are vital. The vent channel may be curved in such manner. as in Fig. 1. that the gases will be reflected outwardly, but it may be on straight lines as in Fig. 8. The vent channel enters the casting chamber at or substantially at the highest point thereof when themold is in casting position, as shown in the drawings.

The parts to be connected by the molten metal are shown in Fig. 1 in the form of two tubes 26 and 27 positioned at right angles to each other in the mold. The tube 26 is prcfembly provided with a closure, suit.- ably in the form oi a metallic cap 28 which frictionally fits over the end of the tube and adapted to prevent the molten metal tron, filling a portion of the tube and thus being 'asted. The tube 527 shown as passing through the mold, each half of the mold having complementary recesses at) and 27 for the aeconiniodaticrn at these pipes,

l iron in t-hills.

understood in the old art of casting lhc two sections of the chill are suitably hinged together as by lugs 29 on one section and lug 30 on the other section connected by the hinge pin Ell. Preferably on the edge portion of the mold op posite the hinge means are provided for clamping the two sections together for pouring. these means comprising in a simple form a bolt 32 threaded into the enlarged portion of one section of the mold andhaving tholturned portion or head 34 adapted to engage the outer face of the other chill section, as well illustrated in 2 and 8. It is here explained that before good and uniform results can be obtained the mold must be brought to a fairlyhigh temperature, which may be done in the first instance by filling it several times with molten metalpreferably iron if conveniently to be hadfor it is not desirable in the ijn'aetice of this art that the brass castings cool as rapidly as iron castings or as rapidly as they would cool in chills which have not been well heat ed beforehand. l ttltlltbl'filt'tl'tl, it necessary to have the mold ouite hot in order that the molten brass will run freely into it and notchill unduly before the mold is completely tilled. It castings are being continuously made. the successive pourin rs after the first may be made without taking this preliminary step of heating the mold. The mold having been sufficiently heated and tightened together with the parts to be connected positioned within the mold, the pouring; may be made. The brass having been melted-- say in a cruciblo--a sutlicient quantity at the heat indicated is preferably transferred to a pouring ladle and skimmed, and the metal is then quickly emptied into the mold. The pouring into the mold should be done in a. quick and rapid movementa sort of sudden dashing or emptying of a great. quantity of metal into the pouring channel and maintaining the pouring channel well filled until the molten metal or alloy rises to the top of the ventchannel, as 22. The pouring operation is quite similar to that employed in flushing out a drain with water--a sudden discharge of a considerable quantity of fluid having a head and given a momentum. At the high pouring temperature of the molten brass it is quite fluid and runs rapidly into the mold, but at the same time at this great heat it is giving oil tremendous quantities of the gases of volatilization. Referring again to Fig. 1 it will be seen that as the hot metal is dashed into the pouring channel or gate 21 thestream will descend mainly on one side of the vertical tube 26 forcing the heated air and gas within the mold upward .nn the other side and out throu h the vent and'there will be no conflict tween the es taping fluids and the main poi tring eur' The i ncoming metal naturally; ho wever, is splashed about considerably against the parts within the mold and the interior surface the mold itself and great quantities of the gases of volatllization are liberated. These gases. however. being liberated in the unfilled portion of the casting chamber a re instantly tree to rise to the vent opening. as 22, and the mold is rapidly tilled from the bot tom upward with metal which is clear ot the ns, and the gas instantly rises through the molten. mass and is indeed hastened npward by the solidification of the metal which pron'iptly begins at the bottom of the mold and which is not substantially disturbed by the incoming metal or alloy \Vhile the casting is being made the air and gas are rushing out of the vent in a rapid stream. The opening of the vent into the mold must therefore be of considerable area, and I find in practice that the best results are obtained when this opening is at: least substantially the area of the pouring hole where it enters the pouring chamber. In the escape of the heated air and gas the gradually widening walls of the vent channel play an import ant part, as it is cxcced ingly important to rid the interior of the mold of the air and gas as rapidly as it can be done. As soon as the gaseous elements pass through the opening 22 of the channel 22 they have opportunity to expand and their expansion continues until they are finally discharged from the mold. As these gaseous elements expand they are naturally projected forward by the tapering walls and the elocity of the gases toward the outside is much greater than if the walls wen on parallel lines, the gases thus not only discharging themselves into the air at a high rate of travel, but, it is thought, lending to create a vacuum within the mold so that thc remaining gases are sucked t ward the discharge opening and their rate of discharge morcn'ient consitlcrably accelerated.

Another point dreamed of importance is now mentioned in that the shrinkage of brass is very great. namely about or fully one-hall greater than that oi iron. The shrinkage is greater, of course when the metal is very highly heated, This shrinkage begins as soon as the cast begins to solidify. 1n the use of chills which have not been sulliciently heated or of such dimensions as to cool rapidly after being heated there is promptly formed a chilled surface upon the casting where it contacts the nu)ld,.thisch1lling in some instances preventing the mold from being entirely tilled and. as shown by my nevious unsuccessful cllii'irt the outer surface of the casting becoming set and the int rior portion thcreoi cooling and shrink inn, this outer chilled surface drawn. in

wardl and is crumpled or buckled. making; I

\x'rinlde-like. irregularities and thus an no 9 and,.dctamd niece nt work. will. (b6

practice oi the art as herein disclosed, however. this ditlicultv and objection are overcome, f r in the proyisii' n of a well heated mold and the two large heads ot' molten metalv in the rent and gate channels respec tivcly the shrinkage of the metal within the mold is more uniform and the indications are that the shrinkage in the casting chamber draws still molten metal from the central portions of at least. the grate. casting, which thus forms a source of supply for the interior shrinkage as indicated. The outer tar-c of the casting thus preserved smooth and tree trom the cracks and wrinkles always shown heretofore in the futile attempts to master this art. After solidification has taken place the top surface of the gate casting mrticularly shows a deep (16' prcssion. a indicated by the dotted line 35 in Fig. l. hen the gate casting is broken oil. the cast ngagain placed within the chill and the gate channel again filled up the amount of shrinkage is indicated by the dotted line 36.

in Fig. 8 l have shown the application of this art to the formation of an ornamental knob directly upon the end ot a tube. In the past brass balls knobs or other ornaments hare hccn a llixed to the ends of rolls or tubes, as in bed construction, by means of screws or rivets passing through the walls of a t'crrulc. sleeve or collar fitting the end of the rod and secured upon the ornament, and sometim s by a, stud bolt secured either to the knob or to the tubing and threaded into the other member. All methods heretot'orc tried for sccuring' such ornaments upon the bed frame have proved not only ex pensive but very unsatisfactory, and common experience teaches that these knobs are continually working loose or coming off, ly the practice of this art these brass heads, or iudccd any suitable form of ornament, mar be. cast directly upon the tube or rod, and once th re it would require the use of tools. such as a saw and chisel. to get them otl. In casting such a part as the knob 45 I prefer to make the chill or mold substai'i tially as shown in Fig. 3. and the method of making the casting is the same as that already de cribed, mold are provided with complementary casting chamber recesses 4t and complementary troughdilv'e recesses El and 22 for the gate and vent channels substantially as in the chill of Fig. 1. The open mold is shown as, containing the end of the rod 4H having a cap 28 as in Fig. l, the tube being broken away to show a sectional View of the cap, in l ieg. 0 the ball or knob 43 is shown as cast upon the rod l t. in Fi i. T l have shown a bedstead end frame made metallic, rods or ubcs 50 selit flill to a bent ncialli rod or ribc 5] and tranm'crize rod or tube by means of The two sections of the.

except, of course, that connections 40 similar to that shown in Fig. H. Ornaments 3?) of brass mav he cast tliltttl) upon the rod at and the foot. ornament {-4 may he similarly applied, hctl tranze as illu trated in Fig. 7 would llt construwtetl according to this practice preterahl h positioning separate mold up n a \Ytil'h frame in the relation to each other shown by the connections or ornaments in the drawings placing the metallic parts s that the portions to he connected together are positioned within the molds rcspecti ely. the ends of the rods hiring closed as hereinllliOYt} described the chills having hcen sufti ciently heated beforehand. The assembling: of the parts is preferably d ne with the chill frame in substantially horizontal position, hut belore the castings are made the frame swunginto vertical position with the months of the casting channels upward. The metal is then poured rapidly into the molds, one after the other until all are filled. The frame may then be lowered into horizontal position, the chills unlocked and opened and the bed frame with the parts and ornaments secured together rcmored.

An importantfeature of this art is that the rods and tubes forming the bed frame or other structure may he finished and pol ished prior to connecting the parts together, and as this finishing and polishing ma; be done by machiner it is obvious that a fur ther great advantage results from making the connections in the manner herein set fortlu Another exceedingly 'aluahle l'ezrture of this art is that. the castings ome out clear a ml bright and true to the configuration of the mold. N0 machining is necessary for most work provided the casting: surfaces of the mold are finished smooth. Son'ietiuies: it may be desirable to dip the tasting momentarily in a solutitm of one part of com mercial sulfuric acid to two parts of tiater. or it may be desirable to hutl certain pin ti ns of the casting to bring: out higih tirl'aces for the sake of artistic contra hat the usual dre sing, finishing and poiishing of the, connection or raslin are. unnerc. ary,

l e {late and vent castings must he hrolten or rat will and the cut surfaces smoothed, which uni he done in any well known way. When the parts are taken out ofth mold it is found that not onlv is the ra tin; shrunl: tightly upon the metal rialsor (a a hut at least in aha case of brass rials or tithes; the traslinq' is. actuallt swcatcd upon the parts. T i is: ilul't ahly due to the raising of the temperature of the brass rod or tithe t the icm a-ratui'e at which the zinc upon or ciose to the surtarc of the red or tuhe is melted so rift to unite with thepartictes of zinc and copper ot the casting alloy. This of cmirse 1.(l l.- greatly to thestrcngth of the connection.

' The chills or molds may be conveniently made of gray iron cast in sand and dressed to shape in ways Well known to the chill casting art: but cast steel and wrought steel molds milled to shape are naturally womenduring.

While I have illustrated and described certain embodiments of means and have set forth certain 'steps and conditions in the practice of this new art, it should be understood that this disclosure does not attempt to describe modifications, all withinthe scope of the discovery and inventions set forth, suitable to adapt the same for use in other manufactures than that of bedstead construction, this particular application of the art heing selected i'nerely as an appropriate one for illustrative purposes; and it should further be understood that the particular description of the process as applied to brass casting is intended also merely to illustrate the practice of the art with a common type of \olatilizahle alloy, brass ,bcing appropriately selected because of the extent of use to which this alloy is put and of the numerous attempts to answer the question in the use oi? brass. Reference should he had therefore to the appended claims, in View of the foregoing description, to determine the scope of the discovery and invention herein specified, and all modifications and changes Within the limitations herein set forth are contem itlated by meas fall Within the scope of these claims.

l. rlainiz l. The tethod of casting in a refractory impermeable mold which consists in introdu ing: a rolatilizahle metal or allov at; a. mlatiliaiag temperature into such mold, and freeing the mold of the gases of volatilization during the introduction therein of such me al or alloy.

i i 'l 'r method of ca ting in a refractory impermeable niohl which cmisists in intro during a volalilimhie metal or alloy at. a. tn'illliflllii1 t llli into such 't'nol l, and i: tue asly rel cwng the mold of the our oi th gases oi olatilizzationtherein. a, The method of ta ing in a refractory imperrmsahle moldv ninth consists in intro due-int: a volatilixahlr -;t -tal or alloy at a volatilixing' i\ll,ll:l:lit into such niold at. a point t-u stantia on the same horizmntalv he the high-st point of the casting C'i or ill? mottl when in casting post ii r, tzttl liti'llllllltfl' the tree We iron! all times be liberated in the unfilled portion f the casting chamber; and permitting the free esapejrom such dlillllif'll. portidn oi theeasting t}l1z!ll'il) *i of the liberated of volatilizution,

The method ol? testing in a chill which consiets in introdueing a volatilizable metal or alloy at n volzttilizing lemperature into the chill in such manner that the gradually upwardly extending solidification of the cooling metal or alloy from the bottom of the casting chamber will not be materially disturbed by the inemning metal or alloy, and permitting the free cape from the chill of the gases of volatilization which are successively liberated from the incoming ietal introduced into such chill.

6. The method of casting in a refractory mold of the chill type which consists in heating the mold, heating a, volatilizalole metal or alloy to a volatilizing temperature, introducing .sueh metal or alloy into the mold in such manner that solidifieation of the metal may begin at the bottom of the casting ehamher and continue upwardly without substantial disturijianee hyadditional incoming metal, and permitting the gases of. rolatilizutlon to escape from the mold in advance of the rising metal in the casting el'iamher.

7. The method of securing metallic parts together by means of a. cast connection made from metal or alloy which volatilizes with heat, formed in site upon the parts, in impermeable refractory molds, which consists in positioning the parts to he eonnected within the casting chamber of llt'll mold, introducing a volatilizable metal or alloy at a volatilizing temperature into such mold in such manner that solidification of the molten metal begins substantially at the bottom of the casting chamber and continues upwardly without substantial die turbanee by the incoming metal or alloy and permitting the free (Scope of the gases of volatilizat-ion from the Casting rhziinber in advanre of the rising metal or alloy Within the casting chamber during the process of casting.

8. The method of casting in a (hill mold which consists in initially heating the chill, pouring a volzitilizable metal or alloy' at a volntilizing temperature into the chill in such manner that the gaslea ot' volatilizalien of the incoming metal ma at all times he liberated in the unlilled portion ol the mold, and eontinuoimly freeing P-llt'll unlilled portion of the mold of the liberated gases of volz-itdi iulion h v means of toretw supplied hy the metal or :llo during the Casting opersn i n.

9. The method oi Hi ing i impermeable mold ol consists in introduoine? re rrictory' :1 wlulilizing temp rature into and l'r wiiig the sarvld f he Qz'lFP-S t \ohif itioo utilizing; ilu-reto the thv luliPilCt twee of nuyl g: it'hm ilk mold. il The method of casting in a re't rac tory impeimral le on. whirl; roundsin limiting; th mold heating a \rlutilimhle of the or til liilfi'lii Volatilizing t mp no introdurinir the metal or rllov heated i111; r-url; mold;

find freeingthe mold of the guru: of Vi la tilization liy :ieetleratiug their diwharge through their own oft-whe e t ri-e during their wraps; from the if). The l'nethml rt tory llltllCl'l ltltllfilz m ld the chill u which eoniish: in ll iuliltf a iolatili' ii' metal or alloy to a \irint lixing temperature, pouring the metal or alloy so heated into such m ld in sueh manner that the inr ming metal will at no time paw. through the metal which has vmin-lam all (Hing to rent. within the casting eham er of the mold. and freeing the cabling ehamht-r of the mold of the gnsts of iolatilizat on by utilizing their own expansive torre thereto.

3. The method of (tasting in a refractory impermeable mold Whieh consists in heating the mold, heating a Volatilizahle metal or alloy to a volatilil'zine' temperature, introducing the metal or all y so heated into the mold at all timw :ihove the ronstantly rising nurture of lll lill or alloy with in the mold. and freeing th mold of the gafies of volatilization in ndrnnee l the rising metal within the nmld solely through the expaneire force of with olzuilizing gases and the force of the i-onstantly rising metal or alloy within the mold.

14-. The method of rasting in a refractory impermeable mold whit-h consists in introdueirm a volatilixahle metal or alloy at a volatilizing tempemturu into Hlltll mold, and simultaneously relieving the mold of the PY'PSFXHQ ot' the anes of voiatilizzition m: in u retrain through the sole artion o? the expansive" a retrartonv mwwwwmwwmmnmw .l Ml. a

(luring the pouring gases of rolatilizatiou hy moans of forces operating thereto solely Within the, mold.

16. The n'iothod of casting in a itlfl'Wftul) impernwahle lllllltl which consists in intro during a volatilixahle metal or alloy at a volatilizing temperature into such mold, and relie ing IliC mold of the i re,-sure therein of the gases of \olatilization through forces self-contained in the metal. or alloy and (lo-- reloprd incidentally to its introduetion into the mold,

17. The method of tasting in a YQfltti'ittll) impermeable mold which consists in introtlueing a \"olatilizahle metal or alloy at a \iolatilizing temperature into sueh mold, and simultaneously expelling the gases of \'olatilization from the mold.

155. The method of casting in a mold of rolr: ttory impornieable material which (:on in pouring a volatilizablo mrtal or alloy at a volatilizing tomperatnre into such mold in such manner hat it, descends upon the risii'ig surface of the metal or alloy within tl mold and expelling tho gases of volatill ttion from the mold during the pouring oporation.

if The method of. casting in a mold of impermeable material which consi ts in pourii a \olatilixahle metal or alloy at a ulatiliziug temperature into tho mold in such manner that it descends upon the, routinuous y rising surfaee of the metal or alloy itliin the mold. and expelling tho ga: 5 of tolal'ilifaation through an opening in "the mold proyitlod for that purpose.

20. The. method of tasting in a mold of impermeable material which consists in initially heating the mold, heating a volatilizable metal or alloy to a volatilizing tomperature, iutrodueiug rapidly surh metal into i ltfli m ld ilni rh manner that slantially on one side thoroot',

* ril \olatilization or all:

it lost mold of l chill tyne o tlu' mold l or alloy at wi h null in a rapi l r g-ol. and

an tonal pouriu til fwllllll i t moltl until the pouring i g tl'li' linitl era-ii l'i'un gases o1 i'rlzitilimtion tron .i

b irieans ol forres solely Within the mti-ltl tum.

92,. The mrthotl of tastnil lli a refrartory (l inoltl impermeable n'ioltjl whieh Consists in pouring a \olatilizahle metal or alloy at a YOltI- tilizing tmnpvraturo into sueh mold in Sllt'll manner that the metal living poured acts as a plug to prevent the intake of air into such mold with th poured metal or alloy While it being: poured. and Freeing the mold of the gases of volat'ilization therein 24'. The nlifl'lltlll of (tasting in a refractory impermeable mold \thieh consists in rapidly pouring a volatilizahle metal or alloy at a highly volatilizahle temperature into such mold in such manner that the molten metal tlltQIS tho casting ehamlwr of such mold undor the pressure of a head of molten metal, and freeing the mold of the gases of volatilization during the casting process.

25}. The method of tasting in a refractory impermeable mold which eonsists in introduring a Yolatilixahlr metal or alloy at a volatilizing temperature into such mold, providing a head of molton metal in communitation with tho motal entering the casting rhamher of the mold, said head f molten metal lining: so arranged as to sulml tho interior of the mold with addiional metal to prevent injurious eontraetion of the misting: within the, mold due to Sl'llltllitlfjti. and freuiug tho mold of tho ases of \olatilization during the casting opera tion.

21": The, method of casting in a refractory impermeable mold whiel'iicoi'isists in pouring a rolatilixahle metal or alloy at a highly rolatilixing temperature into such mold in such manner that the moth-n metal enters the mating chamber of sueh mold in a rapid and wontinuous stream and under the pres sure of a head of molten metal, which head of molten metal acts as a stop or plug to prmon; the intake into the casting ehamher of air with the metal being poured, and freeing the mold of the gases of volatilization din 'ug the ,fiouring operation by means of forces operating thereto solely Within the lllfllfll (luring tho pouring operation.

:7. Thu method of casting in a refractory rmm'meahle mold which consists in our a volatilixal le metal or alloy at; a highly utilizing temperature into such mold in sin-h manner that the molten metal enters the t'tlsllllQ' t-hamher ol' sot-h mold in a rapid and continuou stream and lllltlQI the pros i lll' null oi the gase of vt'llatilization by the solo avti n ol lorr s within the mold t tho pouring t'll'ltfPtlUll.

- metal. or allo at a highly rolatilizing tour ga rafure into such mold in such manner that the molten metal enters the casting tl'llllTllKl of" suoh mold in a rapid and conlinuous stream and under the pressure of a head of molten metal. and freeing; the mold Of the gum: mt rnliitilizntiun wlely ihruugh t'ntm tiun of tho cxpznwire {nuif thu gangs lhvmwlivfi and the umzstuntl is in y; surl'ziw ml the llitlztl within tlw mold.

if). 'llw nwthml of (:hllllgf in :i rvi'r;\=l nnpi rnivnhle mold which wnaists in initially limiting the mold, pouring It \ohililixing IHQlztl or :rllu r u'. :1 highly rulntilizing' ll'ltlpcrninrr. intu in'h mild in such manner that thv llmr til thv incoming mrl'zil zit Ht) timiiniytdwl lvjv (ungvzih d or partially uilr-il nzrml 0r alloy within the mmting llnilwr 'il' thu ninld. :unl l rwing \hv astlug vhrinihrr (it the mold l thh if vulntilixnlinn h it;-; trw and unimpeded "-t'fl})tthrough :in upvning in \udl (if lln, mnld prin'itlhd inr Hittlt mlpus 1 nd li nwmr: (it l'nrrw llljtl'tttlllil' zhorrln mlL-l \J in the mold during the pinning npurzi 30. The il-war nl nmhin; a ,tHl'lItfJ fruni vulutilixzihle llil'llllS ur zilh is in 11 rvfrnvltiry nmld w! llllllll'lllltlllla material. which run l hif in nivlrin; and ll tlllhfl tlltdlltfitll n" all :1 gm nl w'ilzitiliznlion, pouring such liltltll iir alloy rapidly intu lul1 mold. and l'rwing tlw mold of Mllmltttlllt ll all of th'u air and l'rov gm of vnhitilimtion (luring the pouring upttitlinlL ll. 'lhv prurw s at making a casting: from ;,H!U}Ih'l'('lttl hr; in :1 rvl'rnrtory ninld 0f i-rnimhlv nmtvrinl. \Yll tll mnsists in All and handing thv hmtn EL tornitttllli zit \Yltltl! it at n gas of i'nlziti imtiun. initially heating rh mold. whirring lllt nmltvn hm rapidly into lllll innhl. ind 'l'rwing ll'l' niuld ht il IZHHlHll V all til 1hr: viii. and lrw gm nl whltili/iitimz during {hi} pin-wins w wrntineh inl.

' 3 5w wimi-rti-d. pinning Mil-n l l'ilf-h 1H ii ll 1hr i i 1: highly nwilnnhn:

ihv llll llin hunting in mlli'l! timid tlm win fin in in vmitmt n. its: n iiilh into nh inn'hl lltt' llltllliii w lit-11ml. and Erwin thc innhl Oi :mhstzmlizrlly all (ll the air and free of llilllll/tlil li from within the nmhl (hiring tlw unting npvrntinn.

ll. "lhv plum Oi making a: cabling in wla'm-tnr nwld ul' it:l}'l(fl'lllt\lil mat, t lrmn \ulnliliiczshlv illlltll 0r alloy, \i'hivh l.-lr in heal ng -llt'll nmlil. rtdiu'ing the \nlntilim h lltllttl or nlloy to :i highly nmhun i'1lll, and w tvmpmulurc :it. which :i of wlatilimtiun is freely liberated tllll'll l'lilllt pouring snvh \ulatilizing metal or :illuy 0 lltill'ttl rapidly into the mold, and ininltzmwnisly freeing the casting (:hunlhmhi" the mold of substantially all of thrl'rw nil and gas in gases of Volatilimtion during tho process of casting.

13 'lhtpun-ms of nmlzing: castings from 1hr ill lllllllillll lHflHSts in :1: metallic mold wt [lll i'lllll type. which cons in heating in g thv mold. melting the lll'tSS and raking the ti-inpvrntnre thereof to a highly vohv tilixing hvul. pinning the nmlten brasq s0 hum d rapidly into the casting chamber at lhrnmhli and inmltnneuusly freeing said muting rhuniher of m istuntially all of the .tl" illlll UlllLl' gases therein during the procmr; I'll misting.

I l). The prurws of making 21 metallic bedblllttl lrzunv. \rhirh lf lllfilbls in arranging the tf21t2tl pants nf the lrmne in their desired ltlillll llh to \;1(l1 mher and with the portions t thPrr-nt tn ha; (unncctcd extending into mei hilliv liit'llls. heating a vuhrtilizahlt: metal 01' l :illny [u inultvn slim and to n temperature :El \rlih'h a gar (if vnhitilimtiwn is given otl, pouring vil 'll \nhitilizing llitltll hr alloy mpidly into thri-mhls. :ind Frvsing :uch inuh during the mutiny; p: f ml lzirii 46nd fl'tlldu \rhirh tt)ll il ir4 in arranging a plnr' lit nt' rol'rnctury mnhk of impel-inc" tl ll nmtcrhil in prulntvrininvd relations tn :rh utlivr, hurting nuh nmhh, positioning wimrnlv parts of the hi-dstmd frame in Hi) \ltSlH'tl l'tiltllOllb 1H tMfll ailltct and ni'ah lhv mi'lil ns therent' tn he connccltid i \.\lll llll; iiiu: wt l molds. herding nnu if the l i-miiiih-rciiil l)l'illS tn :l highly nndten rjtill fi :md in 11 tvinnervtin'o at which it freely lib- ;i gt ul' \nlutilizntiun, pimrihg rapidly lira no hmtc-d into mid UIOluF, and try; 1h: lm-lllb' at Al tnntially till ut' H1 gases (if mhitilimtim: and air the ii-m of wasting therein Xti- "l llr irmfitass Ill nit: d i'rlinity which (-0 'nmhll; n;

relation; 1L0

mgh wthvr. limnir mall iiinidis, positionii'ig' thv w lltllttl'. urt: at the bedstead frame in ml rc-lzitium h: each ilt-llfi :1 id with purl ions thereof to be commented extanch metals n1: allnys in a wi'sich cunsists in tl'llllziliY heating tin, chill, yapi illy pouring uvh nwial m' a lo at a lfil,lll7illlg tunpc 1 law into the i'hill :n with mama? that snlulitl *atwn illitfifl'l hm} :alw pla rc haginning ""1 anther and {@3588 at mlatilizatiun amt air (llll'ilig the;

[)YOCPS: of mating therein 3%). The method of mating volatilizahle metals 01' alloys in a (bill which consists in rapidly pinning :Httfil metal or alluy at a mlatiliziug teci'npm-atm'v into the Phill. and expelling the gaszvs (if Yulatilizatimi tlmrefrom in a single tsti'ua :11 from a point at all times ahuvu tlw comtantly rising surfave of [humetal or alloy within the chill.

40, The nwthud of casting volatilizahle metal; 01' alloys in a chill which consists in pouring such metal Ul' alloy at a "(ilatilizing at thv lioltnm Ht th-' (misting (X'Ii'lhl 'tl 'WHlltl withtmt, vaulmtantial (llSiHl'banw liy aihlitimaal iiir-muiwg nmtal 01 alloy aml vxpulliag tlu; 251; it vulatilizatiun l'mm thie ihill in such 2111mm: that thaw: is at all Limwa a tfl lllllttttillri ti liming mow 1mm in out. gvim'al illilitinz! 0; the gages within the vacating (iliamhim 42. The nwtlmcl if siilig volatihzablc metals ur allsijis in a chill whiwl! crins sts in raph ll pairing such Iliil'lill UT alloy at a vutatiliziiig triiipvratain into tilt, chill in aw-h mamm that 'ili ,lilivatim| thereof may aim placc he 'aiiiiig at the battum 01" the $0 temperature into the chill in such manner that srilifliiiuatiun thisreot may take place beginning at the bottom of the Casting uhamhvr and extend upward without substantial disturlmnmby additional incoming metal or alloy, and expelling the gage (if 'Ynlatiiizatinn from the alstiug Qhan'llicr in a single stream from a point at all times above the surface of the constantly rising metal 01' z lloy.

130 41. The n'iethotl of casting volatilizablel zilianw by atltllti mal in winning metal :1 illu aml uxpvlling the gaws (if \'(,!ltlllllZHi Hl 1mm the (hill in ill ill llltlillhfl that tftkltt' ltl' tilillKflIlS it iliv-harging (Hll substantial tlirh casting vhamlitm and t-xtvncl upward with- 50 

